Car accidents are jarring experiences that can have serious consequences for those involved. In this blog post, brought to you by Ornelas and Serna Personal Injury Law, we will delve into some common car accident injuries such as arm pain, wrist pain, hand pain, abdominal pain, knee pain, and ankle pain. We will discuss their impact on the victims and what you should know if you ever find yourself in such an unfortunate situation.

Knowledge is power when it comes to protecting yourself and pursuing compensation for your anguish – so buckle up, because we’re about to get started.

Car accidents can cause a wide range of injuries, both physical and psychological. Some of the most common injuries include whiplash, broken bones, bruises, cuts, head and spinal injuries, as well as arm pain, wrist pain, hand pain, abdominal pain, knee pain, and ankle pain.

Additionally, psychological trauma such as anxiety and depression is also commonly reported after a car accident. If you have been involved in a car accident, it is important to seek medical attention immediately to identify and treat any injuries.

Common Car Accident Injuries

Car accidents are traumatic events that can leave physical and emotional scars. Depending on the severity of an accident, injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to life-threatening damage. It’s essential to stay alert and be aware of the most common types of injuries so you can take care of yourself or your loved ones in case of an emergency.

One of the most frequent and painful types of car accident injuries is whiplash. Whiplash occurs when the head jerks back and forth due to the sudden force of a collision, causing damage to the neck muscles and ligaments. Symptoms can include neck pain, headaches, dizziness, and blurred vision.

Another common type of injury is a herniated disk which happens when one or more spinal disks have been damaged causing intense pain and muscle weakness. Herniated disks may require surgery in severe cases.

Fractured bones are also a common result of car accidents, especially in high-impact collisions. Broken ribs, arm, leg bones, hips, or pelvis are among the most typical types seen after a crash.

Soft tissue injuries like sprains or strains occur when tendons and ligaments stretch too far or tear during impact. Soft tissue injuries can cause lingering pain that can impede movement for weeks or months.

Lastly, concussions occur when a jolt affects the brain inside the skull. They can result in confusion, amnesia, headaches, balance issues, and ringing in the ears.

While experiencing an accident firsthand puts no positive light on such situations one could say they’ve experienced it before making them feel some sort of resonance with others who might experience similar scenarios.

According to recent studies by injuryfacts.nsc.org, car accidents lead to 1 million hospital days each year costing $18 billion in lifetime medical bills and $33 billion in lost work. About half of these injuries are minor, resulting in strains or tissue damage.

However, there are specific injuries that you should be aware of, like whiplash, herniated disks, fractures and soft tissue damage which can lead to more severe complications. Knowing the most common car accident injuries will help you identify them if they occur and get the proper treatment promptly. Stay informed and stay safe on the road.

Some people might argue that some accidents have less severe impacts that can effectively cause little to no harm. This is not always the case and untreated or non-diagnosed conditions could most definitely escalate in severity affecting both mental and physical health, including symptoms like pelvic pain, leg pain, fatigue, and chest pain. That’s why it’s important to promptly schedule an appointment with a doctor after an accident, even if the incident seems minor. Professionals at various locations, such as hospitals and medical clinics, can help patients identify and treat any underlying issues.

Car accidents could be compared to a ticking time bomb; it’s treated with seriousness because the consequences of neglecting or ignoring its warning signs of explosion can bring forth extreme outcomes. The same goes for car accidents; even if a situation seems minor right after an accident, it’s essential that a medical professional assesses their patient as soon as possible.

We’ve seen how severe car accidents can put your head and neck at risk. Next, we’ll delve into more detail regarding these types of injuries.

When driving, your head and neck are vulnerable to sudden impact during a collision. Depending on the force of impact, many different types of head and neck injuries may occur:

Concussions are perhaps the most well-known type of head injury resulting from a car accident. Sudden force can cause the brain to strike the skull’s interior surface as a consequence of experiencing sudden slowing down from hitting something at high speed causing significant trauma to the brain.

Skull Fractures happen when sudden force applied directly to your skull causes it to crack through one or more layers of bone this is incredibly dangerous and requires prompt medical attention as blood clots or swelling may put pressure on the brain causing significant impairment.

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) can range from mild to severe. They occur when sudden blows or jolts cause damage to the brain. Mild TBIs (often referred to as concussions) usually resolve themselves over time. However, moderate and severe TBIs can lead to long-term physical and neurological symptoms.

Neck sprains are a common injury resulting from whiplash. This happens when the neck muscles or tendons stretch beyond their normal limits due to impact. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and limited mobility.

Spinal Cord injuries are caused by a blunt or penetrating trauma damaging nerve fibers that run from the spinal cord down through the neck down into the back. Depending on the intensity of such an injury, one might experience long-term complications with movement, muscle weakness and loss of function in limbs.

Have you ever experienced dizziness accompanied by persistent headaches after an accident? These symptoms may indicate that you’ve sustained head and neck injuries from an accident.

Head and neck injuries account for 17% of car accident injuries in the United States according to a study by driverknowledge.com, coupled with high costs of medical bills; treating these types of injuries require prompt attention.

Knowing the signs early on could prove helpful in both reducing potential complications that could possibly arise from untreated conditions, but also in minimizing cost as early treatment can reduce the extent of complications which could further increase medical bills. To ensure proper care, always consult with a doctor after experiencing a car accident or any other potential trauma.

Some people might argue that injuries such as minor concussions and neck sprains should not be considered serious enough to be included in this section, as they will likely heal on their own without causing any kind of long-term problems during recovery.

Head and Neck Injuries

While this is indeed true in some cases, there’s also the possibility that some patients could still suffer issues like migraines or chronic neck pain for years following even mild damage. That’s why it’s important to seek medical attention after an accident, even for seemingly minor injuries. Appointments at clinics, urgent care facilities, or with your primary care provider can help identify any underlying illnesses or complications that might arise. In more severe cases, you might need to visit the emergency room or consult with physicians and other healthcare providers to properly assess and address the impact injuries sustained in an accident.

Head and neck injuries can sometimes feel like a puzzle. The same symptoms, like headaches or dizziness, might have multiple causes. In only one of those scenarios is the damage significant enough to require treatment, without proper evaluation from a medical professional weighing the severity of your injury, it’s impossible to discern exactly how detrimental it could potentially be.

With the knowledge and awareness of common head and neck injuries which could arise from car accidents, our next section delves into identifying these signs early on.

Upper body injuries are another common result of car accidents, often caused by the impact of the body against the seatbelt or steering wheel. These injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to more serious conditions such as broken ribs, collapsed lungs, and internal bleeding.

One of the most common upper body injuries resulting from car accidents is whiplash. This occurs when the neck is forced forward and then quickly snaps back, causing damage to the soft tissue in the neck. Whiplash can cause pain and stiffness in the neck, headaches, and even numbness in the arms or hands.

Another common upper body injury is a contusion or bruise. While bruises may seem minor, they can be an indication of more serious internal injuries such as organ damage or internal bleeding. It’s important to monitor any areas with bruising for signs of discomfort, swelling, or persistent pain.

Fractured ribs are also a common upper body injury following car accidents. These can cause significant pain and difficulty breathing, especially if multiple ribs are fractured. Treatment options for rib fractures may include rest, pain medications, or physical therapy to help restore function to the chest muscles.

One of our clients was rear-ended while sitting at a red light and suffered several upper body injuries including a broken wrist and fractured ribs. Despite wearing her seatbelt properly, she still hit her chest on the steering wheel upon impact. Our legal team helped her secure compensation for her medical bills and lost wages while she recovered from her injuries.

Upper body injuries should never be ignored or overlooked after a car accident. Even seemingly minor injuries such as bruises can be indicative of more serious underlying conditions that require medical attention. Seeking prompt medical evaluation, either through appointments with healthcare providers, visits to clinics, or urgent care centers, is crucial for ensuring proper treatment and recovery.

While seatbelts can save lives and prevent more serious injuries during car accidents, they can also cause upper body injuries such as bruises, chest contusions, and even broken ribs or collarbones.It’s important to wear a seatbelt properly and adjust the seat height and distance from the steering wheel to minimize the risk of injury, such as hitting the windshield in a car collision or sustaining car crash injuries to critical areas like blood vessels.

In the unfortunate event of a car accident, head injuries can occur, ranging from concussions to more severe traumatic brain injuries. Immediately reporting any head injury to your insurance company will help ensure proper coverage and assistance during your recovery.

Moving on to the next section, we will cover common lower body injuries resulting from car accidents.

Lower body injuries are another frequent type of injury resulting from car accidents. When the car comes to a sudden stop, passengers’ legs and feet can become trapped or crushed between parts of the car. These injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to more serious conditions including fractures, sprains, and dislocations.

One of the most common lower body injuries following car accidents is a knee injury. The knee joint is vulnerable to both direct impact and twisting forces during an accident. Knee injuries can range from minor sprains to more severe conditions such as torn ligaments or fractured bones.

Another common lower body injury is a foot or ankle injury. These types of injuries are often caused by contact with the dashboard, pedals, or other parts of the car during impact. Foot and ankle injuries may include sprains, fractures, or dislocations.

Hip and pelvic fractures are also a significant concern for those involved in car accidents. These types of fractures can be especially tricky to diagnose and treat. They may require surgery, physical therapy, or long periods of rest to fully recover from.

Our legal team represented a client who was hit by a drunk driver while crossing the street. She suffered multiple lower body injuries including a fractured hip and ankle. We were able to help her secure compensation for her medical expenses as well as ongoing care and rehabilitation needed for her recovery from the insurance company.

Lower body injuries should never be ignored after a car accident – even seemingly minor pain or discomfort in the legs or feet should be evaluated by a medical professional. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and ensure a full recovery.

While airbags can help prevent more serious injuries during car accidents, they can also cause lower body injuries such as burns, abrasions, or even fractures. Proper positioning in the seat can help minimize the risk of injury from airbags deploying during an accident.

In the next section, we will cover symptoms and diagnosing injuries resulting from car accidents.

Car accidents can cause a range of injuries, from minor to severe. It is important to seek medical attention immediately following any accident to determine the extent of the damage. Some injuries may not show symptoms until days or weeks later, making early diagnosis crucial for effective treatment. Here are some common symptoms and ways to diagnose injuries after a car accident.

Headaches: After a car accident, headaches can be a common symptom caused by whiplash or more serious brain injury. Migraine-like headaches that occur on one side of the head in addition to neck pain could signal cervicogenic headaches related to spinal cord or neck injury.

With the knowledge and awareness of common head and neck injuries which could arise from car accidents, our next section delves into identifying these signs early on.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), over 3 million people in the U.S. are injured every year in car accidents.
Whiplash is reported as the most common injury suffered in car accidents, affecting approximately 200,000 Americans each year.
A study published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine found that approximately 42% of all car accident injuries were musculoskeletal sprains and strains, with fractures accounting for nearly 17% of those injuries.

Upper Body Injuries

Upper body injuries should never be ignored or overlooked after a car accident. Even seemingly minor injuries such as bruises can be indicative of more serious underlying conditions that require medical attention. Seeking prompt medical evaluation is crucial for ensuring proper treatment and recovery.

While seatbelts can save lives and prevent more serious injuries during car accidents, they can also cause upper body injuries such as bruises, chest contusions, and even broken ribs or collarbones. It’s important to wear a seatbelt properly and adjust the seat height and distance from the steering wheel to minimize the risk of injury.

Moving on to the next section, we will cover common lower body injuries resulting from car accidents.

Upper body injuries are a common result of car accidents, often caused by the impact of the body against the seatbelt or steering wheel. These injuries can range from minor bruises to serious conditions such as internal bleeding, broken ribs, and whiplash. It’s important to seek prompt medical attention for any upper body injuries after a car accident, even seemingly minor bruises.
Seatbelts can prevent more serious injuries during car accidents but can also cause upper body injuries if not worn properly. Adjusting the seat height and distance from the steering wheel can help minimize the risk of injury.

Lower Body Injuries

In the next section, we will cover symptoms and diagnosing injuries resulting from car accidents.

Symptoms and Diagnosing Injuries

Post-traumatic headaches could happen right after an accident or several days later and might feel like a tension headache in the neck, temples, or forehead.

Spine Injuries: Given that the spinal cord carries messages between the brain and body, it is no surprise that spine injuries resulting from car accidents could have serious implications.

A vertebra can fracture due to compression during impact; it may also dislocate at a different angle than expected which can indicate significant ligament tearing. Long-term symptoms for undiagnosed spinal injuries include chronic back pain and nerve damage.

Soft Tissue Injuries: Soft tissue injuries like sprains, strains, and tears are among the most common types of injury seen in emergency rooms post-accident but might take much longer than skeletal or neurological problems to develop recognizable symptoms. Strains occur when muscles or tendons tear or stretch while sprains involve ligaments around joints stretching too far.

Whiplash can cause strains of neocervical muscles that hold your head up under normal circumstances, causing joint dysfunction and potentially reducing range of motion.

Burn Injuries: Although burn injuries are less common in vehicle crashes, they still can be seen in numerous ways, such as the skin coming into contact with hot engine or exhaust parts. Burns are especially serious if they cover more than 10% of the body or affect vital areas like the eyes, mouth, and nose.

Even small burns can become more dangerous if they get infected, so it is important to seek immediate medical attention.

The symptoms mentioned above may not necessarily indicate the presence of an injury but should not be taken lightly. It is essential to seek medical attention after any car accident.

Identifying Brain and Spinal Damage

Brain and spinal injuries caused by car accidents could have significant long-term implications. Since initial symptoms may often be less severe, proper diagnosis of brain and spine damage requires a close look at both initial and later symptoms.

Brain Injury:

Brain injuries range from mild concussions to life-threatening conditions that could require neurosurgical interventions. Common signs of a concussion include loss of consciousness or memory, confusion or disorientation, headache, dizziness or balance problems, sensitivity to light or sound, tinnitus or ringing in the ears.

It is estimated that around 500000 Americans suffer from permanent disability related to traumatic brain injury each year.

Spinal Shock Syndrome:

Another symptom following spinal cord trauma could involve damage extending beyond the affected area due to what is known as “spinal shock syndrome”. A period can follow during which there are no signs of neural function (even including breathing) below the level of injury.

If the person regains some movement after spinal shock disappears— usually in days to weeks from injury— rehabilitation programs would address various components of this partial paralysis.

Slip Disc:

But how does a disc slip due to a vehicle crash? When two vehicles collide with force enough to jolt the spine and limbs in every direction, one side of vertebrae could become misaligned and press down on a disc on one side only.

This creates more stress on the particular disc-side than it is designed for, leading to a “slip”. In many cases, the resulting pain can be managed if diagnosis and treatment are done promptly.

Whiplash:

Whiplash injuries occur when the neck snaps backward and forward in quick succession during an accident, causing damage to soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments in the neck area. Despite being one of the most common injuries sustained in car accidents, whiplash often goes unnoticed or undiagnosed for several days to weeks post-collision.

Symptoms include stiffness or pain in the neck area, loss of range of motion, headaches (also tension-like striking in different parts of the head), ringing ears etc.

Proper identification of brain and spinal cord trauma is crucial since inconspicuous short-term symptoms may get bigger over time until they become more dangerous issues. Seeking prompt medical attention after severe vehicle collisions can make the difference between proper diagnoses and consequent treatments versus lifelong disabilities.

Recognizing Discomfort and Inflammation

Car accidents can cause more damage than just the physical injuries. A common symptom that many accident victims overlook is discomfort and inflammation. These symptoms can result in long-term health problems if left unaddressed, which is why it is essential to recognize them early on.

Discomfort can be a sign of internal injuries that may not be immediately noticeable. It can develop into a range of conditions, such as soft tissue damage, nerve damage, or chronic pain. Inflammation occurs as part of the body’s natural response to an injury or infection, but excessive inflammation can result in serious complications.

For instance, whiplash injury may not be apparent right after the accidents. However, over time, patients may start experiencing tenderness, stiffness, neck pain, shoulder pain among other symptoms.

Other symptoms associated with inflammation include redness and swelling around the affected area [EXAMPLE: Just like when you sprain your ankle and it becomes swollen].

It is crucial to seek medical attention promptly after an accident to determine whether there are any underlying injuries. Such assessment will help detect any discomfort felt from the car accident that might have gone unnoticed at first glance. After consulting with healthcare professionals, they may come up with a treatment plan that addresses any potential inflammation or discomfort.

Treatment Options and Recovery

Treatment options for discomfort and inflammation will vary depending on the type and severity of injury sustained during the car accident. On one hand, mild injuries such as bruises or minor strains may only require rest and over-the-counter medications like Ibuprofen or Tylenol to alleviate discomfort.

However, more severe cases like fractures and spinal cord injuries may require extensive medical care through surgical interventions.

Physical therapy is often necessary for recovery from car accident injuries, especially if there are mobility issues. A physical therapist will work with the patient to improve their strength, flexibility, range of motion [EXAMPLE: like a coach for athletes who design custom workouts plans that suits each athlete’s specific need]. This will help them resume their day-to-day activities and function without discomfort eventually.

Rehabilitation also plays an essential role in recovery from car accident injuries. It involves working with an occupational therapist to perform exercises that help regain balance, motor skills, and coordination after an injury. With time and effort, this will help those involved in car accidents to get back to their daily routine without any inflammation or discomfort.

Preventing Car Accident Injuries

Car accidents can be traumatic, and the effects can persist long after the accident. However, many car accidents are preventable. Taking proactive measures to reduce your risk of injury on the road should be a top priority for everyone. Here are some important steps you can take to mitigate the risk of car accident injuries.

Wearing Seatbelts

One of the simplest and most effective ways to prevent injuries in a car accident is by wearing your seatbelt. Seat belts save lives and significantly reduce the risk of injury. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), wearing seat belts reduces the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passengers by 45 percent and the risk of moderate-to-critical injuries by 50 percent.

Every state in America enforces seat belt laws, yet nearly one in three Americans still fail to buckle up when behind the wheel.

Avoiding Distractions

Another important step towards preventing car accident injuries is avoiding distractions while driving. Distracted driving accounted for 8% of all fatal crashes in 2019, according to data from the NHTSA.

This includes actions such as texting on a mobile device, eating or drinking, applying makeup, talking with passengers or using a navigational device while driving. Keeping both eyes on the road will increase your chances of navigating a fatal collision.

Obey Traffic Laws

Following traffic laws is also vital for reducing auto accident injuries. Traffic lights, stop signs and yielding right-of-way rules keep traffic moving smoothly and predictably, reducing crashes involving multiple vehicles. Reckless behavior by drivers disregarding these standards creates uncertainty to other road users and makes collisions bound to happen.

Staying Sober While Driving

Finally, don’t drink or use drugs before driving or operating heavy machinery. Alcohol and drugs impair your reaction time, judgment and coordination, making driving a dangerous proposition. Always have a designated driver if you’ve been drinking and don’t hesitate to call an Uber or taxi if needed.

Preventing car accidents is less about reacting to situations than it is about planning ahead. Keeping in mind healthy habits when driving like following traffic laws, avoiding distractions and taking preventative safety measures like wearing seatbelts can keep both you and all the other drivers on the road safe from devastating harm.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do the demographics of a driver, such as age and gender, impact the likelihood of sustaining certain types of injuries in a car accident?

The demographics of a driver, including age and gender, can certainly impact the likelihood of sustaining certain types of injuries in a car accident.

For example, younger drivers between the ages of 15 and 24 are three times more likely to be involved in a fatal crash than those over the age of 25 (CDC). This is largely due to their lack of experience on the road combined with higher rates of risky behavior such as speeding and distracted driving.

As a result, younger drivers are more prone to suffering head and neck injuries along with spinal cord damage in the event of an accident.

On the other hand, older drivers above the age of 65 may be more susceptible to fractures or broken bones due to osteoporosis and other age-related conditions that affect bone density. Additionally, women tend to have higher rates of whiplash injuries compared to men due to differences in musculature and neck strength.

All drivers can take steps towards reducing their risk of injury in an accident by wearing seatbelts, avoiding distractions while driving, and adhering to speed limits and traffic laws.

Are there any preventive measures drivers can take to reduce the risk of injury in a car accident?

Yes, there are several preventive measures drivers can take to reduce the risk of injury in a car accident. One of the most important things you can do is to always wear your seatbelt while driving or riding in a vehicle.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), wearing a seatbelt reduces the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passengers by 45% and reduces the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50%.

Another way to prevent injuries in a car accident is to drive defensively and be aware of your surroundings at all times. This means avoiding distractions such as texting or talking on the phone while driving, as well as following traffic laws and keeping a safe distance from other vehicles on the road.

According to data from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), around one-third of all motor vehicle crashes are caused by driver behavior such as speeding, distracted driving, and drunk or impaired driving.

In addition to these preventive measures, it’s also important to make sure that your vehicle is properly maintained and in good working condition. This means getting regular oil changes, tire rotations, and brake inspections, as well as addressing any mechanical issues or warning signs promptly.

Overall, taking these preventive measures can greatly reduce your risk of injury in a car accident. So buckle up, stay alert behind the wheel, and keep your vehicle in good shape – your health and safety depend on it!

How do car accident injuries affect the body long-term?

Car accident injuries can have a significant impact on the human body long-term. Some injuries may manifest immediately, such as broken bones or cuts, while others may take time to become apparent, for example, whiplash or head trauma.

One of the most common long-term effects of car accident injuries is chronic pain. A study by the National Institutes of Health found that up to 50% of people who experience a car accident develop chronic pain that persists for six months or longer. This can lead to a decreased quality of life and reduced mobility.

In addition to chronic pain, car accidents can also lead to mental health issues such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A study by the Journal of Clinical Psychology found that car accidents are one of the leading causes of PTSD in the United States, with up to 9% of car accident survivors developing this condition.

Car accident injuries may also have financial implications, as medical bills and lost wages can add up quickly. According to a report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car accidents cost Americans around $871 billion each year in medical expenses, property damage, lost productivity, and more.

Overall, it’s imperative to seek medical attention after a car accident even if you feel okay because some injuries may not be noticeable at first. Moreover, it’s crucial to be aware of potential long-term effects so that you can take appropriate steps to care for yourself and prevent complications down the line.

What types of injuries are more likely in high-speed car accidents vs low-speed accidents?

When it comes to car accidents, the speed at which the collision occurs greatly affects the severity of the injuries sustained. High-speed car accidents are more likely to result in life-threatening injuries than low-speed crashes. In high-speed accidents, the impact force is significantly greater, leading to more severe damage to both the vehicle and its occupants.

Injuries commonly associated with high-speed collisions include traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), spinal cord injuries (SCIs), severe internal organ damage, and fractures to several body parts. These injuries have a long-lasting impact on the victim’s life.

However, while lower speed collisions typically result in less severe injuries, they can still be dangerous. Whiplash, cuts, bruises, and sprains are common types of injuries in low-speed accidents that can have a significant impact on an individual’s quality of life.

According to statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 30% of all fatal car crashes involve speeding vehicles. Furthermore, NHTSA estimates that the risk of severe injury or death doubles for every increment of every 10 mph when traveling above 50 mph.

It is crucial to bear in mind that regardless of the speed of a vehicle involved in a crash if you sustain an injury due to another driver’s negligence or recklessness, you may be eligible for compensation. Always consult with an experienced attorney who specializes in personal injury law to help you understand your rights and legal options.

What is the most common car accident injury?

The most common car accident injury is whiplash, my friend! Believe it or not, this soft tissue neck injury affects around 2 million Americans every year (1). Whiplash occurs when a sudden impact causes your head to abruptly jerk forward and then backward, stretching and tearing the ligaments and muscles in your neck.

Symptoms of whiplash can range from mild to severe, but may include neck pain and stiffness, headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, and even cognitive difficulties like memory loss and difficulty concentrating. The good news is that most people recover from whiplash within a few weeks or months with proper treatment like physical therapy and pain management (2).

So what can you do to prevent whiplash? First off, always wear your seatbelt and ensure it’s properly adjusted to sit low on your hips and across your shoulder. Additionally, adjusting your headrest so that it’s level with the top of your head can help minimize the risk of injury in the event of a crash (3).

Stay safe out there on the roads!

References:

1) American Chiropractic Association. (2020). Whiplash: More than Standard Neck Pain. Retrieved from https://www.acatoday.org/Patients/Health-Wellness-Information/Whiplash-More-than-Standard-Neck-Pain

2) Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Whiplash. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whiplash/symptoms-causes/syc-20378921

3) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2018). Head Restraints and Seat Backs. Retrieved from https://one.nhtsa.gov/equipment/head-restraints-and-seat-backs

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Common Car Accident Injuries: What You Need to Know